ABSTRACT Citizenship, understood as a political and legal relationship, and statelessness, considered as a negative situation of citizenship, have been topics widely treated in the Social Sciences, mainly from the perspectives of Politics and Law, however the lack of analysis of these phenomena from a social theory perspective is notable. This reflective article proposes an analysis, from social theories, of the various understandings of citizenship, for the sake of an argument that leads to the justification of the social need to prevent the risk of statelessness. It starts from the consideration of the object of study from the approaches of the socio-critical epistemological paradigm, for which it reflects on the understanding of citizenship and statelessness through the evolution of objectivist, subjectivist, constructivist and structuration theories. A sociological definition of citizenship is proposed as the set of political and legal interactions between two subjects, around the same State. It is concluded that the discourses of human rights, in general, and of access to a citizenship as human right, in particular, constitute structuring structures of a solution to statelessness from social theory.

RESUMEN La ciudadanía, entendida como una relación política y jurídica, y la apatridia, considerada como una situación negativa de ciudadanía, han sido temas tratados ampliamente en las Ciencias Sociales, principalmente desde las perspectivas de la Política y el Derecho, sin embargo, es notable la falta de análisis de estos fenómenos desde una perspectiva de teoría social. Este artículo de reflexión propone un análisis, desde las teorías sociales, de las diversas comprensiones sobre la ciudadanía, en aras de una argumentación que tribute a la justificación de la necesidad social de prevenir el riesgo de apatridia. Se parte de la consideración del objeto de estudio desde los enfoques del paradigma epistemológico socio-crítico, para lo cual se reflexiona sobre la compresión de la ciudadanía y de la apatridia a través de la evolución de las teorías objetivistas, subjetivistas, constructivistas y de la estructuración. Se propone una definición sociológica de la ciudadanía como el conjunto de interacciones políticas y jurídicas entre dos sujetos, en torno a un mismo Estado. Además, se concluye que los discursos de los derechos humanos, en general, y del acceso a una ciudadanía como derecho humano, en especial, constituyen estructuras estructurantes de una solución a la apatridia desde la teoría social.

ABSTRACT Due to its excellent resistance to traction and compression, wood is regularly used in furniture, window frames and in structures and sealing of homes and buildings. Due to the anisotropy and complexity of the material, its properties vary depending on its intrinsic anatomical characteristics and external factors, such as species, moisture content, acting requests, among others. The Brazilian standard provides linear models for estimating and correcting all strength and stiffness properties as a function of the moisture content of the wood. However, due to its characteristics, there may not be a linear variation of the physical and mechanical properties in relation to the moisture content. Thus, this research aims to evaluate and analyze the influence of moisture content on 15 properties of Calophyllum sp. The reliability of the Brazilian standard equation for correcting strength and stiffness values as a function of humidity (U% to 12%) was evaluated, in addition to analyzing, through ANOVA, whether there is a change in the properties when they are at the saturation point of the fiber and 12% moisture. Of the 15 properties analyzed, 4 did not change, contrary to the linear models set out in the Brazilian standard. In addition, it was possible to note that the Brazilian standard can estimate with an error of up to 76% when correcting the humidity to 12%.

RESUMO A madeira por possuir excelente resistência à tração e compressão é comumente utilizada em móveis, esquadrias e em estruturas e vedação de residências e edifícios. Devido à anisotropia e complexidade do material, suas propriedades variam em função de suas características anatômicas intrínsecas e de fatores externos, como a espécie, teor de umidade, solicitações atuantes, dentre outros. A norma brasileira traz modelos lineares para a estimativa e correção de todas as propriedades de resistência e de rigidez em função do teor de umidade da madeira. Porém, devido às suas características, pode não haver variação linear das propriedades físicas e mecânicas em relação ao teor de umidade. Assim, esta pesquisa tem como objetivo avaliar e analisar a influência do teor de umidade em 15 propriedades da madeira Calophyllum sp. Foi avaliada a confiabilidade da equação da norma brasileira para corrigir os valores de resistência e rigidez em função da umidade (U% para 12%), além de analisar, por meio de ANOVA, se há alteração nas propriedades quando estão no ponto de saturação da fibra e 12% de umidade. Das 15 propriedades analisadas, 4 não sofreram alteração, contrariando os modelos lineares dispostos na norma brasileira. Além disso, foi possível notar que a norma brasileira pode estimar com erro de até 76% ao corrigir a umidade para 12%.

Resumen El derecho a la nacionalidad constituye uno de los derechos humanos sujetos a protección en el sistema universal. Para el presente artículo se realizó un estudio histórico-evolutivo y jurídico actual del alcance y las distintas formas de tal protección, en función de evaluar la tutela de este derecho. Se utilizaron como métodos los análisis histórico y jurídico, a partir de la revisión bibliográfica de disposiciones normativas, informes, resoluciones y otros documentos relativos a la materia. Como principales resultados se obtuvo que la génesis del debate sobre la protección del derecho a la nacionalidad precisó la distinción entre personas apátridas y refugiadas. Además, que el sistema de protección universal reconoce un conjunto de obligaciones de los Estados para la prevención y reducción de la apatridia, pero el organismo internacional encargado de la cuestión se encuentra limitado a la promoción, asesoramiento y asistencia, por lo que resulta insuficiente como mecanismo de protección.

Abstract The right to the nationality constitutes one of the human rights subject to protection in the universal system. For this article, a historical-evolutionary and current legal study of the scope and different forms of such protection was carried out, in order to evaluate the protection of this right. Historical and legal analysis were used as methods, based on the bibliographic review of normative provisions, reports, resolutions and other documents related to the matter. As main results, it was obtained that the genesis of the debate on the protection of the right to nationality specified the distinction between stateless persons and refugees. In addition, that in the universal protection system a set of obligations of the States is recognized for the prevention and reduction of statelessness, but the international body in charge of the matter is limited to the promotion, advice and assistance, for which it is insufficient as a protection mechanism.

Abstract Background Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is the main etiological factor for the development of cervical cancer. HPV 18 is the second most frequent type, accounting for up to 65% of all cases. HPV intratypic variation may influence the potential for progression to invasive cancer. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of human papillomavirus 18 intratypic variants in cervical cancer samples from women in the state of Maranhão, Brazil. Methods The study included 118 women over 18 years of age with a diagnosis of cervical cancer. Tumor fragments were collected and subjected to DNA extraction and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) for HPV detection using the PGMY09/11 and GP+5/6 primers. Positive samples were submitted to automated sequencing for viral genotyping. To determine the HPV 18 lineages, positive samples were submitted to PCR, using specific primers to amplify the LCR and E6 regions of HPV 18 virus. Results HPV was present in 88 women (73.3%). Of those, 48 (54%) were HPV 16, the most prevalent, followed by 12 (13.6%) HPV 18. Histologically, squamous cell carcinoma was predominant (79.1%). Among the HPV 18 variants identified, 10 (80%) belonged to lineage A, and sublineages A1, A2, A3, and A4. Two (29%) HPV 18 B variant was also detected, with the sublineages B1 and B2. In this study, the C variant was not found. There was no statistically significant association between the HPV 18 lineages found and sociodemographic and lifestyle variables (p > 0.05). Conclusions A higher frequency of HPV 16 and 18 were found in women with cervical cancer in the state of Maranhão, Brazil, with a high prevalence of the lineage A among women with HPV 18.

ABSTRACT Objective: to analyze the strategies undertaken by nurses at Hospital do Câncer IV to act in accordance with the World Health Organization guidelines. Method: a historical and qualitative study carried out at Hospital do Câncer IV, a reference and exclusive Palliative Care unit belonging to the National Cancer Institute. Data collection included written documents and six oral statements and was carried out from August 2020 to August 2022. The study findings were organized and analyzed in accordance with the historical method, which included triangulation of the written and oral sources and the context in which they were produced. Results: based on the references of St. Christopher's Hospice and with the support of the Unit's Humanization Group, the strategies undertaken by the nurses and evidenced in this research were as follows: expansion of the Hospital Chaplaincy Project and the Silence Room; investments in graduate courses; professional training and technical-scientific update courses, both at the unit and at other institutions; participation in events as organizers, speakers and listeners; and performance in the Nursing Residency Program. Conclusion: nurses undertook effective strategies in the Oncology Nursing field through the consolidation and dissemination of specialized knowledge in Oncology Nursing in Brazil.

RESUMEN Objetivo: analizar las estrategias adoptadas por los enfermeros del Hospital do Câncer IV para actuar en pleno cumplimiento de las directrices propuestas por la Organización Mundial de la Salud. Método: estudio histórico y cualitativo realizado en el Hospital do Câncer IV, una unidad de referencia y exclusiva de Cuidados Paliativos del Instituto Nacional del Cáncer. La recolección de datos incluyó documentos escritos y seis testimonios orales y fue realizada de agosto de 2020 a agosto de 2022. Los hallazgos del estudio se organizaron y analizaron de acuerdo con el método histórico, que incluyó triangulación de las fuentes escritas y orales y el contexto en el que fueron producidas. Resultados: a partir de las referencias del St. Christopher’s Hospice y con el apoyo del Grupo de Humanización de la Unidad, las estrategias adoptadas por los enfermeros y evidenciadas en este trabajo de investigación fueron las siguientes: ampliación del Proyecto de Capellanía hospitalaria y de la Sala del Silencio; inversiones en cursos de postgrado; capacitación profesional y cursos de actualización técnico-científica, tanto en la unidad como en otras instituciones; participación en eventos, como organizadores, exponentes y oyentes; y trabajo en el Programa de Residencia en Enfermería. Conclusión: los enfermeros adoptaron estrategias eficaces en el campo de la Enfermería Oncológica, consolidando y difundiendo el conocimiento especializado en Enfermería Oncológica en Brasil.

RESUMO Objetivo: analisar as estratégias empreendidas pelos enfermeiros do Hospital do Câncer IV para atuar em conformidade com as diretrizes da Organização Mundial de Saúde. Método: estudo histórico e qualitativo realizado no Hospital do Câncer IV, unidade de referência e exclusiva de cuidados paliativos do Instituto Nacional de Câncer. A coleta de dados incluiu documentos escritos e seis depoimentos orais e foi realizada no período de agosto de 2020 a agosto de 2022. Os achados do estudo foram organizados e analisados em conformidade com o método histórico, que comportou a triangulação das fontes escritas, orais e o contexto em que foram produzidas. Resultados: a partir das referências do St. Christopher’s hospice e com o apoio do Grupo de Humanização da Unidade, as estratégias empreendidas pelos enfermeiros e evidenciadas nesta pesquisa foram: ampliação do Projeto de Capelania hospitalar e da Sala do Silêncio; investimentos em cursos de pós-graduação; capacitação profissional e cursos de atualização técnico-científica, na unidade e em outras instituições; participação em eventos, como organizadores, palestrantes e ouvintes; e atuação na Residência de Enfermagem. Conclusão: os enfermeiros empreenderam eficazes estratégias no campo da enfermagem oncológica, por meio da consolidação e difusão do conhecimento especializado em enfermagem oncológica no Brasil.

Resumen: Introducción: La hipocapnia es una práctica común durante la anestesia general pediátrica; sin embargo, a lo largo del tiempo no ha mostrado beneficios bien definidos. Objetivo: Comparar el impacto del bióxido de carbono post-pinzamiento aórtico (< 32.7 vs ≥ 32.7 mmHg) sobre la morbimortalidad postoperatoria en los pacientes pediátricos sometidos a cirugía cardíaca. Material y métodos: Se realizó un estudio de casos y controles que incluyó 90 pacientes pediátricos sometidos a cirugía cardíaca con derivación cardiopulmonar. Se consideraron casos 45 pacientes que fallecieron dentro de los 30 días del postoperatorio. Los controles fueron pareados en relación 1:1. Para su análisis se realizó estadística descriptiva e inferencial con U de Mann-Whitney, t de Student y χ2 según fue el caso. Una p < 0.05 fue significativa. Se realizó un análisis univariado. La fuerza de asociación entre la morbimortalidad y los valores de bióxido de carbono post-pinzamiento aórtico se obtuvo mediante el odds ratio. Los datos fueron procesados mediante SPSS v-24.0. Resultados: El grupo con valores de bióxido de carbono post-pinzamiento aórtico < 32.7 mmHg se asoció con una mayor morbilidad a los 30 días (OR 24.75; IC del 95% 4.92-124.32) y mortalidad (OR 22.47; IC del 95% 4.85-10.17). Conclusión: Los pacientes pediátricos sometidos a cirugía cardíaca con valores de bióxido de carbono post-pinzamiento aórtico < 32.7 mmHg tienen mayor morbimortalidad postoperatoria que los que tienen valores ≥ 32.7 mmHg.

Abstract: Introduction: Inducing hypocapnia is a common practice during pediatric general anesthesia, even though it has not shown clear benefits. Objective: To compare the impact of carbon dioxide values after aortic impingement (< 32.7 vs ≥ 32.7 mmHg) on postoperative morbimortality among pediatric patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Material and methods: A case-control study included 90 pediatric patients undergoing cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass. The study cases consisted of 45 patients who died within 30 days of the postoperative period. Cases and controls were individually matched (1:1 ratio). Descriptive and inferential statistics (Mann-Whitney’s U, Student’s t and χ2 tests) were used to analyze the results. A p < 0.05 was considered significant. A univariate analysis was also carried out. The strength of association between morbimortality and carbon dioxide values after aortic impingement was determined using the odds ratio. The data were processed using SPSS v-24.0. Results: The group with carbon dioxide values of < 32.7 mmHg after aortic impingement was associated with greater morbidity (OR 24.75; 95% CI 4.92-124.32) and mortality (OR 22.47; 95% CI 4.85-10.17) at 30 days. Conclusion: Pediatric patients undergoing cardiac surgery with carbon dioxide values of < 32.7 mmHg after aortic impingement showed higher postoperative morbimortality than those with carbon dioxide values of ≥ 32.7 mmHg.

Resumen Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia de hipogammaglobulinemia persistente en pacientes con enfermedades reumatológicas autoinmunes que reciben rituximab. Métodos: Estudio trasversal, retrospectivo y unicéntrico, emprendido en pacientes con enfermedades reumatológicas autoinmunes, que acudieron a la Consulta externa del servicio de Reumatología del Hospital de Especialidades Dr. Antonio Fraga Mouret, Centro Médico Nacional La Raza, Ciudad de México, entre enero de 2013 y enero de 2018, para recibir tratamiento con rituximab. El análisis de los datos se efectuó con estadística descriptiva e inferencial, para la evaluación de las concentraciones séricas de inmunoglobulinas, características clínico demográficas, diagnóstico y tratamiento. Resultados: Se registraron 262 pacientes con enfermedad reumatológica autoinmune que recibieron rituximab. Se identificaron 8 (6 mujeres y 2 hombres) casos con hipogammaglobulinemia persistente, con una prevalencia del 3.1% de la población total. No se identificaron factores asociados con hipogammaglobulinemia. Conclusiones: Hasta el momento no se han identificado factores asociados, pronósticos o predictivos, con hipogammaglobulinemia persistente. Se requieren estudios prospectivos adicionales para conocer con mayor precisión las implicaciones de la hipogammaglobulinemia persistente en pacientes con enfermedades autoinmunes.

Abstract Objective: To describe the prevalence of persistent hypogammaglobulinemia in patients receiving Rituximab as a treatment for autoimmune rheumatological diseases. Methods: A transversal, retrospective and unicentric study, carried out in patients with autoimmune rheumatic diseases who were admitted to the Rheumatology service of the Hospital de Especialidades Dr. Antonio Fraga Mouret, Centro Médico Nacional La Raza, Mexico City, to receive treatment with rituximab between January 2013 and January 2018. Descriptive and inferential statistics of serum levels of immunoglobulins, clinical-demographic characteristics, diagnosis, and treatment received were performed. Results: from 262 patients with autoimmune rheumatological disease who received treatment with Rituximab; We identified 8 patients with persistent hypogammaglobulinemia (6 women and 2 men), this is a prevalence of 3.1%. No associated factors with the development of hypogammaglobulinemia were identified. Conclusions: Until now, no associated prognostic or predictive factors have been identified with persistent hypogammaglobulinemia. Additional prospective studies are required to understand more precisely the implications of persistent hypogammaglobulinemia in patients with autoimmune diseases.

Abstract Since its first introduction into medical practice, reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) has been a valuable non-invasive diagnostic tool for the assessment of benign and malignant neoplasms of the skin. It has also been used as an adjunct for diagnosing equivocal cutaneous neoplasms that lack characteristic clinical or dermoscopic features. The use of RCM has led to a decreased number of biopsies of benign lesions. Multiple published studies show a strong correlation between RCM and histopathology thereby creating a bridge between clinical aspects, dermoscopy, and histopathology. Dermatopathologists may potentially play an important role in the interpretation of confocal images, by their ability to correlate histopathologic findings. RCM has also been shown to be an important adjunct to delineating tumoral margins during surgery, as well as for monitoring the non-surgical treatment of skin cancers. Advanced technology with smaller probes, such as the VivaScope 3000, has allowed access to lesions in previously inaccessible anatomic locations. This review explains the technical principles of RCM and describes the most common RCM features of normal skin with their corresponding histological correlation.

Abstract Background Aphasia, the most common language disorder secondary to stroke, has been associated with increased mortality, longer hospitalization and rehabilitation times, worse performance in daily activities, increased financial burden, and short- and long-term complications. Aphasia can negatively impact functional communication skills, including social networks, social activities, relationships with other people and social support. Objective To evaluate patients with poststroke aphasia in their respective residences to investigate potential predictors of functional communication. Methods The prospective cohort included patients with poststroke aphasia aged 18 years or older who resided in the city of Salvador, Northeastern Brazil. Following discharge from the Stroke Unit (SU), the individuals themselves, or their guardians, were contacted by telephone to schedule a home visit no less than three months after discharge. At baseline, sociodemographic and clinical data were collected, in addition to the scores on the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) and modified Barthel Index (mBI). The American Speech-Language-Hearing Association Functional Assessment of Communication Skills for Adults (ASHA FACS) was applied at the patients’ homes. Multivariate linear regression was employed using the total score on the ASHA FACS as the outcome of interest. Results A multivariate analysis of the associated factors identified using the linear regression revealed that only functional capacity (as assessed by the mBI) upon discharge from the SU remained as an independent predictor of functional communication performance (β = 0.042; 95% confidence interval [95%CI] = 0.013–0.071; p = 0.002). Conclusion The functional capacity to perform daily activities, evaluated upon discharge from a stroke unit, was identified as a potential predictor of functional communication performance, regardless of the time elapsed after the stroke.

Resumo Antecedentes A afasia, distúrbio de linguagem mais comum secundário ao acidente vascular cerebral (AVC), está associada ao aumento da mortalidade, a um maior tempo de internação e reabilitação, ao pior desempenho nas atividades diárias, ao aumento da carga financeira, e às complicações de curto e longo prazos. Pode impactar negativamente as habilidades de comunicação funcional, incluindo atividades sociais, relacionamento com outras pessoas, e o apoio social. Objetivo Avaliar pacientes com afasia pós-AVC em suas respectivas residências para investigar potenciais preditores de comunicação funcional. Métodos A coorte prospectiva incluiu pacientes com afasia pós-AVC com 18 anos de idade ou mais, residentes em Salvador, Brasil. Após a alta da Unidade de AVC (UAVC), os próprios indivíduos, ou seus responsáveis, foram contatados por telefone para agendamento de visita domiciliar no mínimo três meses após a alta. Inicialmente, foram coletados dados sociodemográficos e clínicos, além das pontuações na National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) e no Índice de Barthel modificado (IBM). O American Speech-Language-Hearing Association Functional Assessment of Communication Skills for Adults (ASHA FACS) foi aplicado no domicílio dos pacientes. A regressão linear multivariada foi empregada usando a pontuação total no ASHA FACS como o desfecho de interesse. Resultados A análise multivariada por meio de regressão linear revelou que apenas a capacidade funcional avaliada na alta da UAVC permaneceu como preditor independente do desempenho da comunicação funcional (β = 0,042; intervalo de confiança de 95% [IC95%] = 0,013–0,071; p = 0,002). Conclusão A capacidade funcional para realizar as atividades diárias, avaliada na alta hospitalar, foi identificada como potencial preditor do desempenho da comunicação funcional, independente do tempo desde o AVC.

Resumen: Hoy en día los sistemas electrónicos de administración de nicotina (SEAN) comienzan a ser muy populares entre la población en general, en específico en los adolescentes; sin embargo, no se conocen totalmente los efectos de estos nuevos dispositivos en la salud de los consumidores, y se desconoce si es una alternativa saludable para reemplazar los cigarrillos de combustión o de tabaco, al igual que su uso como terapia para dejar de fumar. Esta revisión tiene como objetivo clarificar y actualizar los efectos fisiopatológicos de estos nuevos cigarros para que la comunidad médica y científica pueda entenderlos, así como comparar el daño a la salud que generan los sistemas electrónicos de administración de nicotina contra el que genera el cigarrillo de combustión. Se comprobó la hipótesis alterna al observar que las referencias que se ocuparon coincidían en el daño al organismo por el consumo del cigarro electrónico.

Abstract: Nowadays, electronic nicotine administration systems (ENAS) have become very popular among the general population, specifically adolescents, however, the effects of these new devices on the health of consumers are not fully known, nor it is not known if it is a healthy alternative to reusing combustion or tobacco cigarettes as well as if it can be used as a therapy to stop smoking. This review aims to clarify and update the pathophysiological effects of these new cigarettes so that the medical and scientific community can understand them, as well to compare the damage in health generated by ENAS against combustion cigarette. The alternative hypothesis was confirmed by observing that the references that were used coincided in the damage to the organism due to the consumption of electronic cigarettes.

Abstract: Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines to avoid death and intubation in hospitalized patients with Covid-19. Materials and methods: We present an analysis of 3 565 hospitalizations for SARS-CoV-2 in people over 20 years of age, reported for public health purposes by 10 specialty hospitals, comparing those discharged for improvement (2 094) with those who died (1 471) in mixed models of logistic regression adjusted for age, sex, number of comorbidities and the reporting hospital as a random variable. Results: A complete vaccination schedule, with five types of vaccine available, had a protective effect for death or intubation (OR: 0.67, CI95%: 0.54,0.83, 33% protection) and for death (OR: 0.80, CI95%: 0.64,0.99, 20% protection) compared to those who had not been vaccinated. All the applied vaccines in the Mexican program showed a protective effect with an OR<0.8, with variable confidence intervals. Conclusions: Even in patients previously vaccinated and hospitalized with severe Covid-19, a history of vaccination reduces the risks of being intubated and dying.

Resumen: Objetivo: Evaluar la efectividad de las vacunas contra SARS-CoV-2 para evitar muerte e intubación en pacientes hospitalizados con Covid-19. Material y métodos: Se presentó un análisis de 3 565 hospitalizaciones por SARS-CoV-2 de personas mayores de 20 años de edad, reportadas con fines de salud pública por 10 hospitales de especialidad. Se comparó a los egresados por mejoría (2 094) con los fallecidos (1 471) en modelos mixtos de regresión logística ajustados por edad, sexo, número de comorbilidades y el hospital como variable aleatoria. Resultados: Un esquema completo de vacunación, con cinco tipos de vacunas disponibles, tuvo un efecto protector para muerte o intubación (RM: 0.67, IC95%: 0.54,0.83, 33% de protección); y para muerte (RM: 0.80, IC95%: 0.64,0.99, 20% de protección) estos datos se compararon con los que no habían sido vacunados. Todas las vacunas aplicadas mostraron un efecto protector con un RM<0.8, con intervalos de confianza variables. Conclusiones: El antecedente de vacunación reduce los riesgos de ser intubado y morir, aun en pacientes previamente vacunados y hospitalizados con Covid-19 grave.

Abstract In order to evaluate the influence of moisture content on wood physical and mechanical properties, the present research analyzed the influence of moisture content variation on Cedrella sp. on 12 strength and stiffness properties, considering 12% moisture content up to Fiber Saturation Point (FSP) were considered. Brazilian Standard consider a correction on wood properties obtained on moisture content different of 12%, reducing the properties. Eight properties from these twelve were significantly influenced by moisture content according to statistical analysis (5% significance level). ANOVA, Anderson Darling and Multiple Comparison tests were used at 5% significance level. Considering that most of properties were affected by moisture content, the equations to estimate wood properties according to moisture decrease are quite precise, but most of estimations were higher than the experimental values at 12% moisture content, indicating the need of a standard review for such estimators, which may lead to an unsafe timber structure design. For a conclusive consideration of moisture content variation influence on wood products, further researches with other tropical wood species are required.

ABSTRACT Introduction: To achieve high levels of quality production with efficient use of raw materials, industries must have fault diagnosis systems for processing and analyzing the information obtained through data acquisition and control systems. The performance of fault diagnosis systems is affected by noise, information loss in the data acquisition process, the presence of unknown faults, and in the case of multi-mode processes, the occurrence of faults during transitions between stationary modes. The latter problem derives from the fact that diagnostic methods developed for stationary modes cannot be applied satisfactorily during transitions. Methods: In the present paper, a group of new paradigms is presented to provide solutions to the above-mentioned problems through the effective use of data-driven methods, clustering, imputation, hybrid algorithms, and computational intelligence tools. The proposals are validated in benchmark problems established as study cases in the scientific literature representing chemical processes, electromechanical systems, and urban water distribution networks. Results: Besides demonstrating the effectiveness of the proposals, the set of benchmark processes considered is very important for our country in its prospects for development, saving and caring of the environment.

RESUMEN Introducción: Para lograr elevados niveles de producción con calidad y con una utilización eficiente de la materia prima, las industrias deben tener instalados sistemas de diagnóstico de fallos procesando la información obtenida por los sistemas de adquisición de datos y control. El funcionamiento de estos sistemas se ve afectado por el ruido, la pérdida de información en los canales de comunicación, la presencia de fallos no conocidos para el sistema de diagnóstico y en el caso de los sistemas de múltiples modos de operación, por los fallos que se producen en las transiciones entre modos estacionarios ya que los métodos de diagnóstico desarrollados para estos modos donde las variables mantienen valores estacionarios no son satisfactorios para la transición. Métodos: En el presente trabajo se presentan un grupo de nuevos paradigmas con propuestas de soluciones a estas problemáticas utilizando de manera efectiva herramientas de agrupamiento, algoritmos híbridos, métodos Kernel, manejo de datos, imputación y otras provenientes de la inteligencia computacional. Las propuestas realizadas son validadas con problemas de pruebas que son casos de estudio establecidos en la literatura científica que representan procesos químicos, sistemas electromecánicos y redes urbanas de distribución de agua. Resultados: Muestran la efectividad de las mismas y la posibilidad de que puedan aplicarse a procesos de diferentes tipos muy importantes para nuestro país en sus perspectivas de desarrollo, ahorro y cuidado del medio ambiente.

RESUMO O recente interesse pela construção de estruturas altas e robustas em madeira tem estimulado a investigação de propriedades físicas e mecânicas, assim como a correlação delas com outros parâmetros importantes do material de espécies tropicais como o angelim-amargoso (Vatairea sp.) utilizada especialmente em estruturas de telhados de grandes vãos. No Brasil, a norma de projetos de madeira recomenda a utilização de modelos lineares para a correção ou estimativa da resistência e/ou rigidez da madeira correlacionada ao teor de umidade, bem como traz a classificação das folhosas segundo sua resistência característica. Entretanto, por ser um material natural, heterogêneo e anisotrópico, certas propriedades podem não ser afetadas por diferenças no teor de umidade. Portanto, nesse trabalho, investigou-se a influência do teor de umidade em 15 propriedades físicas e mecânicas da madeira de Vatairea sp., através da sua caracterização. Os ensaios foram realizados em 12 corpos-de-prova para cada propriedade e para dois grupos: com teor de umidade de 12% e no ponto de saturação das fibras. O teste de Anderson-Darling foi empregado para verificar a normalidade dos resultados e a análise de variância (ANOVA) para analisar a influência do teor de umidade nessas propriedades. Além disso, classificou-se a madeira segundo as classes de resistência da norma brasileira e estimou-se a resistência e rigidez segundo os modelos lineares propostos pela mesma norma. Os resultados estimados foram comparados com os experimentais através do cálculo da diferença e o erro percentual dos valores. Concluiu-se que a maioria das propriedades não foram afetadas pelo teor de umidade e que os maiores erros obtidos nas estimativas foram para as propriedades que foram influenciadas significativamente pelo teor de umidade.

ABSTRACT The recent interest in constructing high and robust wooden structures has stimulated the investigation of physical and mechanical properties as well as their correlation with other important parameters of the material of tropical species like the Vatairea sp., whose popular name is angelim-amargoso, used especially in roof structures with large spans. The Brazilian Standard for wood constructions recommends using linear models to correct or estimate the strength and/or stiffness of wood correlated with moisture content and also provides the classification of hardwoods according to their characteristic strength. However, because wood is a natural, heterogeneous, and anisotropic material, certain properties may not be affected by significant differences in moisture content. Therefore, in this study, the influence of moisture content on fifteen physical and mechanical properties of Vatairea sp. wood was investigated through its characterization. The tests were carried out on 12 specimens for each property and two groups: with the moisture content of 12% and at the fiber saturation point. The Anderson-Darling test was performed to verify the results’ normality and the analysis of variance (ANOVA) to analyze the influence of moisture content on these properties. In addition, the wood was classified according to the strength classes of the Brazilian Standard, and the strength and stiffness were estimated according to the linear models proposed by the same norm. The estimated results were compared with the experimental ones through the difference calculation and percentual error of the values. It was concluded that most properties were not affected by the moisture content, and the most significant errors obtained in the estimates were for properties that were significantly influenced by the moisture content.

Abstract According to the Brazilian standard for wooden structures, strength and stiffness increase linearly with decreasing moisture; however, as wood is a natural, heterogeneous and anisotropic material, certain strength and stiffness properties may not be affected even by large differences in moisture. Therefore, this work aims to evaluate the reliability of the resistance and rigidity transformation equations as a function of moisture, used to correct the properties when the test was not performed at 12% moisture. Furthermore, it was checked whether the humidity affects the properties of the studied species. Of the 15 properties analyzed, 2 did not show changes when analyzed at the fiber saturation point and at 12% moisture. Additionally, the correction equations of the Brazilian standard showed errors of up to 24% in the estimation of properties at 12% moisture. Thus, the need to correct the Brazilian standard for wooden structures is evident.